I am a black man autumn color palette11/5/2023 The author furthermore considers the possible addition of more categories, specifically the "blacks of the Cape of Good Hope", which seemed to him to be of significantly different build from most other populations below the Sahara. Finally, the natives of the Americas are considered as a fifth category, described as of " olive" ( olivastre) skin tone. His fourth category are the Lapps ( Lappons), described as a savage race with faces reminiscent of bears (but for which the author admits to rely on hearsay). Members of this category are described as white, the categorization being based on facial features rather than skin colour. His third category includes Southeast Asia, China and Japan as well as part of Tatarstan (Central Asia and eastern Muscovy). His second category includes most of Sub-Saharan Africa, again not exclusively based on skin colour but on physiological features such as the shape of nose and lips. Instead his first category comprises most of Europe, the Near East and North Africa, including populations in the Nile Valley and the Indian peninsula he describes as being of a near "black" skin tone due to the effect of the sun. Bernier explicitly rejects a categorization based on skin color, arguing that the dark skin of Indians is due to exposure to the Sun only, and that the yellowish colour of some Asians, while a genuine feature, is not sufficient to establish a separate category. Writing in French, Bernier uses the term race, or synonymously espece "kind, species", where Hornius had used tribus "tribe" or populus "people". įrançois Bernier in a short article published anonymously in 1684 moves away from the "Noahide" classification, proposes to consider large subgroups of mankind based not on geographical distribution but on physiological differences. In Hornius' scheme, the Japhetites (identified as Scythians, an Iranic ethnic group and Celts) are "white" ( albos), the Aethiopians and Chamae are "black" ( nigros), and the Indians and Semites are "brownish-yellow" ( flavos), while the Jews, following Mishnah Sanhedrin, are exempt from the classification being neither black nor white but "light brown" ( buxus, the color of boxwood). This division in Rabbi Eliezer and other rabbinical texts is received by Georgius Hornius (1666). He blessed Japheth and his sons, (making) them entirely white, and he gave them for an inheritance the desert and its fields" (trans. He blessed Ham and his sons, (making them) black like the raven, and he gave them as an inheritance the coast of the sea. "He especially blessed Shem and his sons, (making them) black but comely, and he gave them the habitable earth. Specifically, Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer (a medieval rabbinical text dated roughly to between the 7th to 12th centuries) contains the division of mankind into three groups based on the three sons of Noah, viz. The transmission of the "color terminology" for race from antiquity to early anthropology in 17th century Europe took place via rabbinical literature. Physiognomica, a Greek treatise dated to c. Further information: Historical race concepts, Physical anthropology, and Scientific racism Antiquity to 1600s Ĭategorization of racial groups by reference to skin color is common in classical antiquity.
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